Impact testers are mechanical devices used to measure the resistance of materials to impact, which is the force of an object striking a surface or a material experiencing a sudden change in motion. Impact testing is a common method used to evaluate the toughness and ductility of materials, as well as their ability to absorb energy. It is often used to test the strength and integrity of materials used in construction, manufacturing, and other industries, such as metals, plastics, and composites.

 

There are several different types of impact testers, including Charpy impact testers, Izod impact testers, and drop-weight impact testers. These testers use different methods to apply an impact force to a material and measure its response, such as by swinging a pendulum or dropping a weight onto the material. The results of an impact test can be used to determine the material’s suitability for a particular application, as well as to identify any weaknesses or defects in the material

What are the 3 impact testing techniques?

There are several impact testing techniques that are commonly used to evaluate the toughness and ductility of materials. Here are three of the most common impact testing techniques:

 

Charpy impact testing: This technique involves swinging a pendulum or hammer onto a notched sample of the material being tested. The amount of energy absorbed by the material during the impact is measured and used to determine the material’s toughness and ductility.

 

Izod impact testing: This technique involves using a pendulum to strike a sample of the material being tested. The energy absorbed by the material during the impact is measured and used to determine the material’s toughness and ductility.

 

Drop-weight impact testing: This technique involves dropping a weight onto a sample of the material being tested. The energy absorbed by the material during the impact is measured and used to determine the material’s toughness and ductility.

 

Each of these techniques has its own advantages and limitations, and the appropriate technique will depend on the specific properties of the material being tested and the intended application.

Application of Impact Testers

Impact testers are commonly used to evaluate the toughness and ductility of materials in a variety of applications, including construction, manufacturing, and other industries. Some examples of the ways in which impact testers are used include:

 

Quality control: Impact testers are used to ensure that materials meet the required standards for toughness and ductility. For example, steel beams used in construction must be able to withstand impact forces in order to ensure the safety and integrity of the structure.

 

Research and development: Impact testers are used to evaluate the properties of new materials and to identify potential weaknesses or defects. This information can be used to improve the performance and reliability of materials used in various applications.

 

Failure analysis: Impact testers can be used to identify the cause of failure in materials that have experienced an impact event. This information can be used to improve the design and manufacture of materials to prevent similar failures in the future.

 

Product testing: Impact testers are used to evaluate the performance of products that are subjected to impact forces, such as automotive parts, sporting goods, and protective equipment.

 

Overall, impact testers are an important tool for evaluating the strength and integrity of materials and ensuring their suitability for a wide range of applications.

The anemometer is an instrument used in weather stations that measures wind speed or calculates current gases. An anemometer that is mechanical with a disc whose angle of inclination was put perpendicular to the wind direction was used. This determines the velocity of the wind as well as the wind direction based on the disc’s inclination angle. It is a very useful device and has many applications as well. Let us look at its other applications below.

Applications Of Anemometer:

• Monitoring wind speed
• Measuring wind velocity
• Find the wind direction
• Before jumping into the vacuum, skydivers utilize it to assess the wind speed.
• Aerodynamic measurement of airspeed
• Also used by pilots and long-range shooters
• Users of drones or radio-controlled aircraft use them to check the weather before testing their gadgets in order to be well prepared.

Various kinds of Anemometers:

The velocity and pressure of the wind are used to categorize anemometers depending on their basic properties. The primary categories of anemometers are given below:

1.   Hotwire anemometer:

Hotwire anemometer: The wire is cooled when air travels across it. When determining the wind speed, it is necessary to determine the connection between the resistance of the wire and the wind speed since the resistance of most metals fluctuates with temperature. This sort of instrument may be used in a variety of ways, including by HVAC organizations that measure the flow of air through a building’s ductwork.

2.   Sonic anemometer:

The speed of the wind may be calculated by computing the sound waves it generates using a sonic anemometer. In order to transfer these waves from one location to another, transducers are used. In addition to their usefulness in aviation, these materials are also used in wind turbines for scientific study.

3.   Cup anemometer:

Hemispherical cups on a vertical shaft that are set at angles that are equal are connected at equal angles to one end of each horizontal arm of the apparatus. When air travels through the cups in a horizontal direction, the cups spin at a rate proportionate to the air’s velocity, the average wind speed may be determined by finding the number of cup rotations during a specific period. Meteorologists, educational institutions, and academics perform studies on these resources for the purposes of doing research and conducting commercial operations.

4.   Handheld Anemometers:

Handheld anemometer is used for measuringwind speed and is portable.  Technically, the anemometer can measure speeds up to 30 meters per second. The speed is around 108 miles an hour, and also the precision is approximately 2%. This anemometer is powered by batteries. Camping, hiking, sailing, and hunting are examples of activities that might require the wind direction or its speed. In such cases, this anemometer is the most suitable alternative.

These are the basic kinds of anemometers. You can choose the one that meets your individual needs among them.

 

A skid tester, also known as a pendulum skid tester or pendulum friction tester, is a device used to measure the coefficient of friction of a surface. This measurement is important in various industries, as it helps to determine the surface’s level of traction or slip resistance.

 

One common application of skid testers is in the field of road safety. The coefficient of friction of a road surface is an important factor in determining the likelihood of a vehicle losing control due to skidding. As such, skid testers are frequently used by transportation agencies and road maintenance organizations to assess the condition of roads and take appropriate action if necessary.

How do work pendulum skid tester? 

Skid testers typically consist of a pendulum that is attached to a base. The pendulum is suspended above the surface being tested, and a sled or shoe is attached to the bottom of the pendulum. The sled or shoe is then pushed across the surface, and the angle at which the pendulum swings is measured. The coefficient of friction of the surface can then be calculated based on the angle of the pendulum and the force applied to the sled or shoe.

 

There are a few different types of skid testers, including the British Pendulum Tester and the American Locked-Wheel Tester. Each type of skid tester is designed to measure the coefficient of friction of a specific type of surface, such as asphalt, concrete, or wood.

Uses of skid Tester

In addition to being used to assess the safety of roads, skid testers are also used in a variety of other industries, including aviation, manufacturing, and construction. They are often used to test the slip resistance of flooring materials in order to ensure the safety of workers and the general public.

 

Overall, skid testers are an important tool in the field of safety engineering, helping to ensure that surfaces are safe and free from slips and falls. By accurately measuring the coefficient of friction of a surface, skid testers help to ensure the safety of roads, floors, and other surfaces in a variety of industries.

Methods of Skid Tester

There are several methods and testers that can be used to measure the slip resistance of a surface in addition to skid testers. Some of these methods and testers include:

 

The Bristish Pendulum Tester: This tester, also known as the Pendulum Slip Resistance Tester, is similar to the skid tester in that it uses a pendulum to measure the coefficient of friction of a surface. It is commonly used to test the slip resistance of flooring materials.

 

The American Locked-Wheel Tester: This tester, also known as the James Machine, uses a locked-wheel trolley to measure the coefficient of friction of a surface. It is commonly used to test the slip resistance of flooring materials and is widely accepted as a standard test method in the United States.

 

The Fretting Wear Tester: This tester, also known as the FZG Gear Pitting Tester, is used to measure the wear resistance of a surface. It can be used to evaluate the slip resistance of a surface by simulating the sliding motion of a foot or tire on the surface.

 

The Multi-Directional Slip Tester: This tester is used to measure the slip resistance of a surface in multiple directions. It is commonly used to test the slip resistance of flooring materials and is widely accepted as a standard test method in the United States.

 

The Static Coefficient of Friction Tester: This tester measures the static coefficient of friction of a surface by applying a static load to the surface and measuring the force required to cause the surface to slide. It is commonly used to test the slip resistance of flooring materials.

 

The Ramp Slip Tester: This tester measures the slip resistance of a surface by simulating the sliding motion of a foot or tire on the surface. It consists of a ramp with a fixed angle and a sled or shoe that is pushed up the ramp. The coefficient of friction of the surface can then be calculated based on the angle of the ramp and the force required to push the sled or shoe up the ramp.

 

Overall, there are a variety of methods and testers that can be used to measure the slip resistance of a surface. The most appropriate method or tester will depend on the specific needs and requirements of the application.

 

what are methods popular in Europe ,in Asia,in north america and in africa

The most popular methods and testers for measuring the slip resistance of a surface vary by region. Some of the most commonly used methods and testers in each region are:

 

Europe: The Bristish Pendulum Tester and the Fretting Wear Tester are two methods that are commonly used in Europe to measure the slip resistance of a surface. The Bristish Pendulum Tester is widely accepted as a standard test method in Europe, while the Fretting Wear Tester is commonly used in the automotive industry.

 

Asia: The Multi-Directional Slip Tester is a popular method for measuring the slip resistance of a surface in Asia. It is widely accepted as a standard test method in the region and is commonly used to test the slip resistance of flooring materials.

 

North America: The American Locked-Wheel Tester and the Static Coefficient of Friction Tester are two methods that are commonly used in North America to measure the slip resistance of a surface. The American Locked-Wheel Tester is widely accepted as a standard test method in the United States, while the Static Coefficient of Friction Tester is commonly used to test the slip resistance of flooring materials.

 

Africa: The Ramp Slip Tester is a popular method for measuring the slip resistance of a surface in Africa. It is commonly used to test the slip resistance of flooring materials and is widely accepted as a standard test method in the region.

 

It is worth noting that these are just a few examples of the methods and testers that are commonly used in each region, and there are many other methods and testers that may also be used. The most appropriate method or tester will depend on the specific needs and requirements of the application.

An anemometer is an instrument used to measure wind speed and is often used in weather stations. There are many different types of anemometers, but they all work by measuring the force of the wind on a rotating or moving object. Meteorologists use anemometers to help them predict weather patterns and forecast storms.

Wind speed is usually measured in kilometers per hour (kph) or miles per hour (mph). Anemometers can measure the average wind speed and the gusts, which are sudden bursts of wind. These meters are available in manual and digital formats that you can read on the device or connect to a computer.

Why is it recommended to use Anemometers?

Anemometers are important tools that help us understand and predict the weather. By measuring the speed of the wind, they give us information about the direction in which the wind is blowing and how strong it is. You can use this information to forecast storms and other weather events. Anemometers can also measure wind speed for other purposes, such as determining if an area is suitable for wind energy production.

What type of Anemometers is suitable for us

There are many different types of anemometers, but they all work by measuring the force of the wind on a rotating or moving object. There are various types of anemometers, each with its features and applications.

Cup Anemometer:

A cup anemometer is a device used to measure wind speed. This instrument consists of three or four cups linked to horizontal arms mounted on a pole or tube. These are set on a vertical axis; as the wind blows, the cups rotate at speed proportional to the wind’s velocity. Cup anemometers are commonly used in weather stations and for aeronautical purposes. In addition, some newer versions can measure wind direction and speed. Cup anemometers offer several advantages over other wind measuring devices, including low cost and high accuracy at low wind speeds. However, they tend to be less accurate at higher wind speeds and can be easily damaged by strong winds or harsh weather conditions. Overall, the cup anemometer remains one of the most widely used instruments for measuring wind speed and direction.

Hot Wire Anemometer:

A hot wire anemometer is a valuable tool in the field of meteorology. It uses a heated wire to measure wind velocity, making it highly accurate and able to measure even small changes in wind speed. The hot wire quickly cools as it moves through the air, allowing it to capture the slight variations in temperature caused by the wind. The device then calculates the wind speed based on this temperature change. The heat is transmitted from the wire to a sensor, which then converts the heat into an electrical signal. A computer then processes this signal to calculate the wind speed. Hotwire anemometers offer many advantages, including accuracy, low cost, and ease of use. However, they are not well suited for measuring wind speeds in very high winds or severe weather conditions. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems also use hot wire anemometers to measure airflow.

Pressure Tube Anemometer:

The pressure tube anemometer is a device used to measure wind speed and direction. It consists of a long, thin tube with two or more openings at the end. The tube is mounted on a pole or mast and pointed into the wind. As the wind blows, air pressure builds up in the tube, causing the level of liquid inside the tube to rise. This increase in liquid level is then used to calculate the wind speed. Pressure tubes are very accurate and can be used in all types of winds, from gentle breezes to strong gusts. They are often used in weather stations and for aeronautical purposes. While pressure tubes do not have readings, you can use them with a manometer to measure wind speed.

Ultrasonic Anemometer

An ultrasonic anemometer is a device that measures wind speed and direction using sound waves. Ultrasound signals are transmitted between two transducers, and the time it takes for the signal to travel back and forth allows the device to calculate wind speed. The wind direction is determined by measuring the reversals in each pulse and calculating the difference between them. It has no moving parts, so it is unaffected by wind or rain. Ultrasonic anemometers are accurate and easy to use, making them popular for various applications, including weather monitoring, industrial process control, and wind energy assessment.

Uses Of Anemometer

The anemometer is Meteorology Equipment It is very important. this device used to measure wind speed and direction, has many uses ranging from weather forecasting to determining the optimum wind turbine power generation conditions. In industries such as aviation and shipping, anemometers are crucial in ensuring safe operations by providing up-to-date wind information. A specialized form of an anemometer, the sonic anemometer, is utilized in scientific research to determine air temperature and turbulence levels. The construction industry relies on this tool during roof and skyscraper installations to ensure proper safety precautions. Overall, using the trusty anemometer can assist with various important tasks by accurately measuring wind velocity.

Anemometers are used in a variety of settings, such as:

• Measuring wind speed for weather forecasts and climate studies
• Assessing wind conditions for construction projects or outdoor events
• Studying airflow in ventilation systems
• Measuring wind speeds for renewable energy production, such as wind turbines
• Determining wind speeds in sports, such as sailing, windsurfing, and kitesurfing
• Testing wind speeds for research purposes in various settings.

Best Anemometers

1.

Cup Anemometer Barometer/Humidity Temperature Sensor

2.

Ultrasonic Wind Speed & Direction Sensor

SX2591 Economical Ultrasonic Wind Sensor is a fully digital detector, highprecision
sensors, integrated by the ultrasonic wind speed and direction sensors.
it can accurately and quickly detect the wind speed, wind direction; built-in
signal processing unit can output a corresponding signal in response to user
needs

 

3.

Handheld Anemometer

his robust instrument is made from non-ferrous metal and calibrated in a wind tunnel for maximum accuracy. It is supplied in a convenient carrying case, which offers both protection and portability.

An anemometer is a tool that gauges wind speed. There are many different types of anemometers, but they all work by measuring the force of the wind on a moving object. The most common type of anemometer is the cup anemometer, which consists of three or four cups that spin in the wind. The faster the wind speed, the faster the cups spin. When wind pushes into the anemometer, it causes the cups to rotate. The number of rotations per minute is then recorded to calculate the wind speed.

 

Anemometers are used in various settings, including weather stations and airports. Wind speed is important in many activities, including construction, flying kites, and sailing. It can also be a hazard, so it is important to be able to measure wind speed.

Varieties of Anemometer

There are many different types of an Anemometer, each with its advantages and disadvantages. Every type of anemometer measures wind speed by quantifying the wind’s force on a moving object.

Vane Anemometer:

A vane anemometer consists of a large rotating wheel with vanes attached. As the wind blows, the vanes rotate the wheel. The wind speed is then calculated based on the number of rotations per minute.

 

Vane anemometers are very durable and can withstand high winds. They are relatively low maintenance and can handle higher wind speeds. You can use them in various settings, including weather stations, airports, and wind farms.

It has a few drawbacks; also, vane anemometers must point towards the source to get an accurate result. They require regular calibration and can damage by high winds as cup anemometers.

Cup Anemometer:

 

The cup anemometer is the most common type of anemometer. It consists of four cups mounted on a horizontal shaft. As the wind blows, the cups rotate, and the shaft turns. The wind speed is then calculated based on the number of rotations per minute.

Cup anemometers are very accurate and precise. It doesn’t need to point directly at the source. You can use them in various settings, including weather stations, airports, and wind farms.

 

High winds can damage cup anemometers, requiring regular maintenance and calibration. The icing effect can also manipulate the readings in cold weather. This device is not that good with the low measurement at all.

Hot Wire Anemometer:

A hot wire anemometer consists of a thin wire that is electrically heated. As the wind blows, the wire cools down. The wind speed is then calculated based on the cooling rate. Hot wire anemometers are very accurate and precise. They can measure low wind measurements. They have small sensors, and they last longer than others.

 

But big elements in the air can harm it. Also, rapid fluctuations in the temperature are not suitable for this anemometer.

Pitot Tube Anemometers:

A Pitot tube anemometer consists of a tube with a small opening at the end. As the wind blows, the air is forced into the tube, and the pressure is measured. The wind speed is then calculated based on the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the tube. It can deal with high temperatures and speed. Pitot tube anemometer is also very responsive and easy to install. It doesn’t have any rotating parts, so it’s more durable.

A few drawbacks are pitot tube anemometers need to be pointed directly at the source to get accurate results. They are not suitable for low airspeed.

How Does Anemometer Measure Work?

An anemometer is a device used to measure wind speed. It is also used to measure the speed of air gasses as they move past the device. There are many different types of anemometers, but they all work by measuring the force of the wind on a structure. The most common type of anemometer is the cup anemometer, which consists of four cups mounted on a horizontal shaft. As the wind blows, the cups rotate, and the shaft turns.

The wind speed is then calculated based on the number of rotations per minute. Anemometers are used in various settings, including weather stations, airports, and wind farms. They are also commonly used in research studies to investigate the effect of wind on various objects and structures.

Things to consider before buying 

Before purchasing Meteorological Equipment like an anemometer, you should consider several factors. The most important factor is the intended purpose of the anemometer. Anemometers can be used for various purposes, including measuring wind speed, wind chill factor, and airflow.

Accuracy rating is the second most important factor. Anemometers can range in accuracy from +/- 0.2% to +/- 2%. The accuracy of the anemometer should be appropriate for the intended purpose.

Another to consider is the wind speed range that the anemometer can measure. Anemometers can measure wind speeds from as low as 1 m/s to as high as 300 m/s. The wind speed range that the anemometer can measure should be appropriate for the intended purpose. The wind speed can fluctuate fast, so it is important to have an anemometer that can accurately measure these fluctuations.

You consider the size and design of the anemometer. Vane anemometers are huge, but cup anemometers are very small. Hot wire anemometers are small but must be pointed directly at the source to get accurate results. Sonic anemometers are the largest, but they are also the most accurate.

The anemometer you select should also be easy to install and use. Some anemometers come with a mounting kit that includes everything you need to install the unit. Others may require that you purchase a separate mounting kit. Make sure that the anemometer you select is compatible with the mounting system you have in place.

The anaerobic chamber is one of the best solutions for incubating anaerobes, i.e., bacteria that can live in the absence of oxygen. Also known as a laboratory glove box, the anaerobic chambers are designed to improve the culturing and the identification process for drug discovery and infectious diseases.

We have years of experience In the design, development & production of anaerobic workstations. We can also offer a bespoke design service in accordance with our customers specific requirements. The cabinets incorporate many advanaced features which vary significantly from other cabinets on the market. The cabinets are fabricated from high quality acrylic material to give good thermal insulation, ergonomic design & a incorporating an unobstructed viewing area.

Types of Anaerobic Chambers

1.

AW200SG

The AW200SG is the smallest of MUNRO’s range of Anaerobic workstations. It is ideal for the laboratory
where oxygen free conditions are required for the growth and identification of bacteria. Its small bench
size makes the AW200SG ideal for the individual research project.
The unit will incubate 220 petri dishes and has a 10 dish transfer port. The workstation operates from a
single cylinder of anaerobic mixed gas and is very economical on gas usage.
The product comes complete with automatic humidity control, oxygen indicator equipment, internal
mains socket, spotlight, catalyst, plate holders and gauntlets. It is ready to work once it is plugged into its
electricity and gas supplies.
Top Plate Access: The transfer port is situated on top of the workstation and will hold 10 petri dishes.
This will allow rapid transfer of dishes both into and out of the incubator. The positive pressure inside the
cabinet and the doors at each end of the lock, together with the fast acting gas inlet switching, ensures
that the workstation remains anaerobic at all times.
AW200SG  Small & Compact
Glove Free Operation: This unique bare hand method is very
simple to operate. Air-tight seals fit around the user’s wrists
as shown and the anaerobic atmosphere is maintained. The
design eliminates the use of footswitches & gets rid of
large internal arm port bungs, giving more working
room inside the incubator. The system is very
economic on gas usage and the hands can be
inserted in seconds.

Controls: The unit works automatically without the use of footswitches or pushbuttons and the controls are not
needed for routine operation.
Admitting Equipment: Equipment can be placed inside the incubator through the arm ports prior to
commissioning.
Anaerobic Indication: A small pump together with an oxygen-sensitive liquid indicator is provided with the
workstation.
Bench Area: The workstation occupies a minimum amount of bench area and is completely self contained.
Visibility: The visibility is excellent. Four of the cabinet’s surfaces are transparent and this is further enhanced
by a narrow angle, low voltage spotlight. There are no folds in the front viewing window to obstruct clear
vision.
Working Position: Working inside the incubator is very comfortable & all parts can be reached without effort.
Construction: The unit is made using high quality acrylic and the seams are welded to ensure leak-free joints.
Temperature: The temperature is controlled by an adjustable electronic controller and an internal digital
thermometer displays the temperature.
Humidity: The R.H. within the incubator is controlled by a humidistat and fan cooled condensation plate
situated at the rear. The distillate is collected in a drainable bottle.
Internal Power Socket: A mains socket is provided to facilitate the use of electrical equipment inside the
chamber.
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker: The workstation is fitted with a safety device to protect the operator against
electric shock.
The AW200SG can also be used as a microaerophylic incubator by using an alternate gas supply

2.

AW300SG

The AW300SG anaerobic chamber is ideal for the laboratory where oxygen free conditions are required for
the growth and identification of bacteria. Its small bench size yet large incubation capacity makes it perfect
for the individual research project. The unit is very economical to operate and works from a single cylinder of
anaerobic mixed gas. The cabinet will incubate 300 Petri dishes and comes complete with catalyst sachets and
plate holders.
Top Plate Access: The interior of the workstation can be accessed in two ways. Single Petri dishes can be
admitted through the transfer port situated at the front of the cabinet, whilst a larger lock is provided on the
top of the unit which will hold ten dishes.
The positive pressure inside the incubator and the doors at each end of the locks together with fast
acting gas inlet switching, ensures that the unit remains anaerobic at all times.
Glove Free Operation: Our unique bare hand
method is very simple to operate; air tight sealsfit
around the users wrists as shown and the anaerobic
atmosphere is maintained. The design eliminates the
use of footswitches and gets rid of the large internal
port bungs giving much more working room within the
incubator. The system is also very economic on
gas usage.

Controls: The unit works automatically without the use of footswitches or pushbuttons and the controls are not
needed for routine operation. Admitting Equipment:- Electric shakers and stirrers etc., can be placed inside the
incubator through the arm ports prior to commissioning.
Anaerobic Indication: A small pump together with an oxygen-sensitive liquid indicator is provided with the
workstation.
Bench Area: The workstation occupies a minimum amount of bench area, is portable and completely self
contained.
Visibility: The visibility inside the incubator is excellent. Six of the cabinet’s surfaces are transparent and this is
further enhanced by a narrow angle, low voltage spotlight. There are no folds in the front viewing window to
obstruct clear vision.
Gas Control: The internal gas pressure is controlled electronically and a gas leak detector and alarm are built
into the circuitry.
Working Position: Working inside the incubator is very comfortable & all parts can be reached without effort.
Construction: The unit is made using high quality acrylic and the seams are welded to ensure leak-free joints.
Temperature: The temperature is controlled by an adjustable electronic controller which incorporates an
integral digital thermometer.
Humidity: The R.H. within the incubator is controlled by a humidistat and fan cooled condensation plate
situated at the rear. The condensation is collected in a removable bottle.
Internal Power Socket: A mains socket is provided to facilitate the use of electrical equipment inside the
chamber.
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker: The workstation is fitted with a safety device to protect the operator against
electric shock. The AW300SG can also be used as a microaerophilic incubator by using an alternate gas supply.

3.

AW400TG

This range of workstations is ideal for the laboratory where oxygen free conditions are required for the growth
and identification of bacteria.
The careful configuration gives the units a small bench area yet ample working room within the incubator. The
AW400TG is particularly economic to run due to its dual gas design, comes complete with catalyst sachets and
plate holders and requires only electricity and gas supplies to be fully functional.
Glove Free Operation: Our unique bare hand method is very simple to operate; air tight seals fit around
the users wrists as shown and the anaerobic atmosphere is maintained. The design eliminates the use of
footswitches & gets rid of the large internal port bungs giving much more working room within the incubator.
This system is also very economic on gas usage.
A large transfer port is fitted to the units which holds 60 Petri dishes. The outer door is hinged to reduce the
overall length and the inner door slides to maximize the incubation capacity. Both doors are fitted with wear
compensating seals. The units are also fitted with a single-plate entry system, situated between the arm ports
at the front of the incubator. Individual Petri dishes can be passed quickly into the incubator with minimal gas
usage.

5.

AW500TG

This range of workstations is ideal for the laboratory where oxygen free conditions are required for the
growth and identification of bacteria. The careful
configuration gives the units a small bench area yet ample working room within the incubator. The
AW500TG is particularly economic to run due to its dual gas design, comes complete with catalyst sachets
and plate holders and requires only electricity and gas supplies to be fully functional.
Glove Free Operation: Our unique bare hand method is very simple to operate; air tight seals fit around
the users wrists as shown and the anaerobic atmosphere is maintained. The design eliminates the use of
footswitches & gets rid of the large internal port bungs giving much more working room within the incubator.
This system is also very economic on gas usage.
A large transfer port is fitted to the units which holds 60 Petri dishes. The outer door is hinged to reduce the
overall length and the inner door slides to maximize the incubation capacity. Both doors are fitted with wear
compensating seals. The units are also fitted with a single-plate entry system, situated between the arm ports
at the front of the incubator. Individual Petri dishes can be passed quickly into the incubator with minimal gas
usage.

 

6.

AW800TGRF4P

The AW800TGRF4P is the largest workstation in the
Munro range. One of the main advantages of the unit
is that despite its large capacity, it only occupies a
modest amount of bench area. The workstation is very
economical to run, as two gas supplies are used. The
AW800TGRF4P will comfortably incubate up to 800
Petri dishes and comes complete with catalyst and
plate holders.
Glove Free Operation: Our unique bare hand
method is very simple to operate; air tight seals fit
around the users wrists as shown and the anaerobic
atmosphere is maintained. The design eliminates the
use of footswitches and gets rid of the large internal
port bungs giving much more working room within
the incubator.
This system is also very economic on gas usage.
A large transfer port is fitted to the units which holds
60 Petri dishes. This port is automatically pressure
pulse flushed & is fitted with a catalyst. The doors of
the port are automatically sealed, locked and
programmed to prevent loss of anaerobiosis. We also
offer the option of an additional ten-plate entry
system, in order that a small number of Petri dishes
can be passed quickly into the incubator with a
minimal gas usage.

Controls: The unit works automatically without the use of footswitches or pushbuttons and the controls are not needed for routine operation

. Admitting Equipment: Electric shakers and stirrers etc., can be placed inside the incubator through the arm ports prior to commissioning.

Anaerobic Indication: A small pump together with an oxygen-sensitive liquid indicator is provided with the workstation.

Bench Area: Careful configuration gives the unit a very large capacity, whilst keeping the bench area to a minimum.

The Control Panel: The control panel indicates the workstation’s operating status and audible alarms register gas leaks, low gas pressure and mains failure. The whole system is under the control of a programmable logic controller.

Working Position: Working inside the incubator is very comfortable and all parts can be reached without effort.

Construction: The unit is made using high quality acrylic and the seams are welded to ensure leak-free joints.

Temperature: The temperature is controlled by an adjustable electronic controller and an internal digital thermometer displays the temperature.

Humidity: The R.H. within the incubator is controlled by a humidistat and fan cooled condensation plate
situated at the rear. The condensation is collected in a removable bottle.
Shelving: The workstation can also be fitted with sliding shelves as an optional extra.
Visibility: The visibility into the incubator is excellent. There are no folds in the front panel to obstruct clear
vision and this is further enchanced by good lighting.
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker: The workstation is fitted with a safety device to protect the operator against
electric shock

Anemometers are necessary for measuring wind speed and are a widely spread device. They are utilized in agricultural, industrial, educational, and community settings.

Different Anemometer Varieties:

 

Pitot Tube Anemometer:

To measure the velocity and temperature of the air moving between moderate and high speeds, we use this anemometer. Pitot tubes are typically constructed with two openings. The first hole faces the wind direction and monitors stagnation pressure. The side hole of the Pitot tube monitors static pressure. By computing the difference between these two pressure readings, a wind velocity value can be created from a dynamic pressure reading.

Applications:

• Flow vents
• Exhaust vents
• HVAC or HVAR systems

Hotwire Anemometers:

For hotwire anemometers to function, the wind’s cooling action is employed to remove heat from the wire. They consist of a tiny wire that is electrically heated on the sensor, and the wire’s temperature is slightly higher than the ambient temperature. If an airflow begins to cool down the wire, the instrument will maintain its constant temperature. The meter determines the air velocity based on the amount of current necessary to maintain the wire’s temperature.

Applications:

• Additional HVAC uses.
• Monitoring of exhaust emissions
• Monitoring flow of foods

 

Vane Anemometer:

Such anemometers measure wind speed using impellers, propellers, or turbines that function similarly to propellers or turbines.

To achieve an accurate measurement from a vane anemometer, the vane must be oriented at the wind source, causing the blade to begin spinning as it confronts the wind source.

Each time the magnetized blade passes over the reed switch, the device transforms this measurement into a measurement of the windspeed at that instant within a predetermined timeline.

 

Applications:

• HVAC applications
• Diverse outside surveillance duties

Cup Anemometer:

There are three cups on the rod of a cup anemometer, each of which is coupled to horizontally placed vertical arms on the rod. As wind velocity rises, there are no restrictions on the movement of the cups.

In conventional vane anemometers, a reed switch or sensor measures the number of revolutions over a set time, which is then transformed into a wind speed metric based on the number of rotations.

The sole difference between cup and vane anemometers is that cup anemometers do not need the user to face the wind direction to estimate wind speed.

Applications:

Cup anemometers can measure wind speed in mines, construction sites, schools, agriculture, etc.

 

MUNRO Anaerobic Chambers

Munro’s anaerobic chambers provide a cost-effective means to work with samples in a tightly controlled and sustainable environment.  Sympathetic design features permit fast and efficient working whilst a completely sealed and positively pressurised workstation ensures samples are not exposed to oxygen.

A range of designs are available to cater to the individual needs of clients, including quick access ports, additional environmental controls, a wide range of internal configurations and multiple handling apertures.

About Anaerobic Chambers

The anaerobic chamber provides an oxygen free (anaerobic) environment by forming an airtight vessel from which the existing atmosphere can be purged.  First, samples to be worked on are placed in the workstation.  Next the airtight chamber(s) are flushed with gas.  Depending on the setup cheaper nitrogen can be used to initially purge the system, or the oxygen can be pushed out by the desired mix of gases.  With the chamber now holding the desired mix of gases, the atmosphere is maintained by a series of airlocks and gloved handling ports, coupled with a constant positive pressure to ensure any breaches result in a flow of gas out of the chamber not a flow of contaminating gas in.  A reactive catalyst sits within the chamber, pulling any remaining oxygen from the atmosphere.  Samples can be transferred to or from the chamber by the airlock or a quick release, and the workstation provides ample space to store and process samples within the controlled atmosphere.

Gases in use will vary depending on application and location.  Whilst here in the UK we have access to a wide range of gases, it is not always so easy to source these.  Munro’s cambers are designed to work with nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen, in various mixtures as available and/or required.  Nitrogen is an inexpensive and safe means to fill the cabinet and displace oxygen.  Carbon dioxide provides a stimulant for the growth of bacteria.  Hydrogen is used to further reduce the levels of oxygen in the chamber.

Uses of Anaerobic Chambers

Anaerobic cabinets are used for a wide range of scientific and industrial purposes, including but not limited to clinical microbiology, biochemistry, microbiome study, dental study, cell culture and biofuels.  With the comfortable gloved access, and handy airlock ports, any work that could be conducted on a bench can be conducted with similar ease in a controlled atmosphere.

Designed and built by Munro in our UK manufacturing facility, our anaerobic chambers benefit from a long history of expertise in the production of precision equipment.  The chambers feature everything that is required and nothing that isn’t, ensuring excellent value for money and a cost-effective purchase.  As with all of our equipment, we provide fast, stress-free, worldwide shipping.

Our anaerobic video

Types of Anemometers

 

An anemometer, or wind anemometer, is a device that monitors air velocity. Historically, the early anemometers were used to estimate the direction and speed of the wind. As technology improves, anemometers can now offer a wide range of very precise information. There are a variety of applications for anemometers in both residential and commercial environments. They can measure Inconsistent sources of wind velocity data, high-speed readings, etc.

Handheld Anemometers

These anemometers can measure wind speeds to 30 m/s. The speed is around 108 miles an hour with approximately 2% accuracy. The Handheld anemometer is powered by a single AA battery. If you’re planning to go camping, hiking, sailing, or hunting and need to know the direction or speed of the wind, this is the ideal tool for you.

Hot Wire Anemometer

The wind speed and direction may be determined with this instrument. Temperature differences between hot and cold airflow are used to determine wind speed in hot-wire anemometers. Being a heat transducer, a hot-wire anemometer monitors the instantaneous flow rate. The use of a hot-wire anemometer allows the flow velocity to be computed from electric voltage readings at any given time.

Vane Anemometers:

The wind speed is measured when the turbine of the vane anemometer rotates, and the propeller’s magnet passes through the reed switch. The value in a certain amount of time of the number of times the magnetized blade passes over the reed switch is counted.

Cup Anemometer:

In this type of anemometer, a vertical rod is present on which cups, three in number, are mounted. With a wide range of wind measurements and a high level of corrosion resistance, it is an excellent option. A reed switch is also present in this anemometer, which notes the times of rotation as the cups spin due to the velocity of the wind.cup Anemometer

 

MUNRO manufacturesAnd markets a wide range of Portable Meteorological Sensors, Stationary Weather Sensors And Weather Stations
For various industries

When working with materials that break down when exposed to oxygen, anaerobic workstations make sure there is no oxygen in the air.

Anaerobic workstations: These are stations that regulate the atmosphere. In a laboratory, when one works with components that break down when exposed to oxygen, anaerobic stations are made use.

Anaerobic jars: It is one of the instruments that is used in producing an environment that is anaerobic.

Comparison between the Anaerobic chamber and Anaerobic jars:

Anaerobic jars:

When a laboratory makes use of anaerobic jars, a completely anaerobic environment cannot be maintained. This is due to the possibility of leakages. Along with this, there is no chance of inspection of culture plates that are present in the anaerobic jars. This causes frequent disturbances in the anaerobic environment in the laboratory. Not only this, but it’s also costly to work with anaerobic jars in laboratories with a high anaerobic workload since they demand a lot of incubator area.

Anaerobic workstations:

These workstations prove to be more beneficial than the anaerobic jars as they provide better anaerobic conditions along with greater accuracy. These stations boost the rate of isolation of anaerobic pathogens, and they do not require disrupting the incubation. They can be examined as per demand without the anaerobic conditions being altered. They come at a much low expense than anaerobic jars too.

Ensure your workstation should have these:

 

• The ease with the samples and operator entering and exiting the workstation is also a crucial point to note. This ensures that not too much disruption occurs to the anaerobic environment during entry and exit. After incubation, transferring of plates occurs. During this process, there is a possibility of oxygen exposure, so even this is to be kept in mind, and easy access to the workspace should be kept in mind.
• Frequent monitoring of the workstation should be done. This includes checking of its temperature, anaerobic conditions, humidity, and all other factors.
• As per the need of the laboratory, the architecture of the workstation fits your requirements accordingly. The size should be accurate, along with the amount of usable area it provides and the layout.

Use of anaerobic workstation’s chambers:

The anaerobic chamber was created to be used in microbiology. With changing times, it has changed to fulfil the demands of its operators and continues to be an important tool used in laboratories.  The anaerobic chamber is often used in investigations on organic matter, biofuels, biomass, and bioremediation, and also in the field of drug discovery and to identify contagious diseases.

 

Best anaerobic chambers

 

1.

Anaerobic Chamber/Workstation- 4 Gloves,800 Petri Dishes

The AW800TGRF4P is the largest workstation in the Electrotek range. One of the main advantages of the

unit is that despite its large capacity, it only occupies a modest amount of bench area. The workstation is

very economical to run, as two gas supplies are used.

2.

Anaerobic Chambers-2 Gloves,400 Petri Dishes

his range of workstations is ideal for the laboratory where oxygen free conditions are required for the

growth and identification of bacteria. The careful configuration gives the units a small bench area

yet ample working room within the incubator

3.

Anaerobic Workstation-2 Gloves,220 Petri Dishes

The AW200SG is the smallest of MUNRO’s range of anaerobic workstations. It is ideal for the laboratory

where oxygen free conditions are required for the growth and identification of bacteria.